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1932 armed uprising in Mongolia
The 1932 armed uprising ((モンゴル語:1932 оны зэвсэгт бослого), ''1932 ony zevsegt boslogo'') was a revolt against the rule of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and its "left course" directed by Soviet Bolsheviks and Komintern in the Mongolian People's Republic. It covered the northwest part of the country and lasted from April–November 1932. The principal leaders were lamas.〔C.R. Bawden, ''The Modern History of Mongolia'', London 1968, p. 316〕 Main part of ordinary rebels consisted of common people but even many party members and the local bureaucracy〔D. Tserenbaljir, ''1932 ony zevsegt boslogo'', Ulaanbaatar 1990, p.21, 53〕 joined the rebellion. The insurgents were inspired by rumours of support from the Panchen Lama and the Japanese.〔D. Tserenbaljir, ''1932 ony zevsegt boslogo'', Ulaanbaatar 1990, p.53〕〔C.R. Bawden, ''The Modern History of Mongolia'', London 1968, p. 317f〕 They were noted for a number of atrocities they committed, but the Mongolian troops sent with Soviet support to quell the rebellion engaged in more brutalities. More than 1500 people were killed.〔D. Tserenbaljir, ''1932 ony zevsegt boslogo'', Ulaanbaatar 1990, p.94f〕 Special study revealed that this uprising corresponds to generally accepted criteria of the civil war. Suggestions that the uprising was inspired or supported by Japan or the 9th Panchen Lama were not confirmed by archival documents.〔Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg J. Vooruzhennoe Vosstanie v Mongolii v 1932 g. Moscow, MBA Publ., 2015〕〔(Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J. Sotsializmyn Esreg 1932 Ony Mongol Dakh Boslogo. Ulaanbaatar: Munkhiin Useg, 2014 )〕
==Background==
In late 1928, the government of the Mongolian People's Republic and the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party had begun to implement the 'left policy' aimed at the quick introduction of socialism. Private trade and private transport were forbidden, at the same time Mongolia's livestock economy was to be collectivized, the feudal nobles were expropriated, the Buddhist church was targeted by excessive taxes, lamas were transferred to secular life, and many monasteries forcibly closed. The state-sponsored transport and trade organizations were not at all able to replace the old, private-owned networks, and neglect and mismanagement in the newly founded collectives ((モンゴル語:khamtral)) led to the loss of 7 million heads of livestock, or one third of the 1929 level. All this resulted not only in a steady stream across the border to Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, but also to local uprisings—for example, the uprising at Tögsbuyant monastery of Uvs aimag, which lasted from March to May 1930.〔C.R. Bawden, ''The Modern History of Mongolia'', London 1968, pp. 301-318〕〔D. Tserenbaljir, ''1932 ony zevsegt boslogo'', Ulaanbaatar 1990, p. 19〕〔(Kuzmin S.L. West-Mongolian uprising of 1930 in defense of religion. – Religiovedenie, 2015, no 1, p. 53-59 )〕
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